Referencing/citation with Discovery Library
Referencing supports the intellectual property rights of others’ work. Therefore, when we use other people’s idea and work, we need to acknowledge it and cite and reference the information. In an academic context, if we do not follow the rule, the action will be considered as plagiarism or academic dishonesty, and we will be penalised.
Copying or paraphrasing someone else’s work without referencing is the common type of plagiarism and academic dishonesty for college and university students. Students must acknowledge any type of information, ideas, word, study findings, statistics, diagrams, graphs, photos, for their assignments. Referencing also helps readers to find the link to the original work.
While there are different referencing systems for publications, AIBT selected American Psychological Association (APA) referencing system, as the APA referencing system is commonly recommended for college and university students. We use APA’s latest version of the publication manual, APA 6th edition, and it will be updated when a new version is available. APA has two elements, in-text citation and referencing. When you directly quote or paraphrase someone else’s work, we must use in-text citation within the body of text and its detailed reference should be listed at the end of the document.
The first action to reference the information is to insert in-text citation in your work. In-text citations are important as an author of the original work will be informed to readers. In-text citations are also important as it helps to increase the trustworthiness of information and the credibility of your arguments in the text to the readers. There are several rules for using in-text citations.
Helgesson and Eriksson (2015, p. 100) suggested that “plagiarism should be understood as ‘‘using someone else’s intellectual product (such as texts, ideas, or results), thereby implying that it is their own’’”.
The action using someone else’s intellectual product without acknowledging their work is plagiarism (Helgesson & Eriksson, 2015).
All references cited in the text must be included in the reference list, and the list must be placed at the end of the document. The APA reference contains detailed information which could include author, date and title, and other information specific to journals articles, digital object identifier (DOI), or page numbers. There are several rules for a reference list.
Broadbent, J., & Laughlin, R. (2013). Accounting control and controlling accounting: Interdisciplinary and critical perspectives (1st ed.). Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald.
Moser, D. V., & Martin, P. R. (2012). A broader perspective on corporate social responsibility research in accounting. The Accounting Review, 87(3), 797-806. doi:10.2308/accr-10257
It is compulsory for AIBT students to provide accurate citations and references in their assignments. The Discovery Library provides the students with the guidance of where to find the information about the citations and references, and the tools of how to apply proper citation and referencing systems. Once students are familiar with the system, it is so easy to format and manage it. Followings are some examples of the sources and the tools available for AIBT students.
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AIBT provides different types of resources for students. These resources include AIBT learner books and workbooks, PowerPoint slides (e.g., lecture note), class handouts (e.g., readings) and personal communications (e.g., consultations). All AIBT resources mentioned above are required to be cited accurately. The information on how to reference AIBT resources can be found in Section 2.2 to 2.6.
The general rules of an in-text citation are also applied for AIBT resources. The first action to reference the information from AIBT resources is to insert in-text citations in our work. An in-text citation is important as an author of the original work (or copyright) will be acknowledged. An in-text citation is also important as it helps to increase the trustworthiness of the information we use and the credibility of the arguments in our work. There are several rules for using in-text citations.
Note: when a direct quotation is used, the author’s last name (or responsible organisation), the publication year and the page number must be presented in the in-text citation. When there is no page number, we use a paragraph number. The double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
Note: when we paraphrase or summarise the ideas of AIBT learner book and workbook, the author’s last name (or responsible organisation), and the publication year must be presented in the in-text citation.
AIBT uses customised learner book and workbook created for the specific course units. The learner book and workbook are regularly updated, so please pay attention to the version numbers of your learning materials. When an author name is displayed on the learner book and workbook, use author name. When the author name is not available, use AIBT Global. When the year is not available, use “n.d.”. Include the version number of the learnings material, if available.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 2.3 PowerPoint slides (lecture note) are the same as those in Section 2.2: AIBT Global Learner book and workbook.
Figure 2.1: PowerPoint slides with no author
Note: as shown above, when the author name is not available, use AIBT Global.
Figure 2.2: PowerPoint slides with the author
Note: when an author name is displayed on the PowerPoint slide, use author name. When the year is not available, use “n.d.”. Include the version number as a part of the title of PowerPoint presentation.
AIBT Global provides students with different types of class handouts. These class handouts include weekly readings, case studies, in-class exercise, and instructions. All AIBT class handouts are required to be cited accurately.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 2.4 Class handouts are the same as those in Section 2.2: AIBT Global Learning Materials.
Smith, A. B. (2019). The benefits of digital marketing [Class handout]. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/
An in-text citation is required when referencing the personal communication. Examples of personal communications can be:
(Person’s initial(s). Family name, Description of the medium, Month Day, Year)
Personal communication is not required to include in a reference list.
Table 1: Referencing for AIBT resources: Learning materials
In-text citation | Direct quotation: (AIBT Global, 2019, p1). Others: (AIBT Global, 2019) |
Reference list no author (print)
| Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of learner book or workbook. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example AIBT Global. (2019). BSBMKG609: Develop a marketing plan (Version 12). Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of learner book or workbook. Publisher. Retrieved from URL Example AIBT Global. (2019). BSBMKG609: Develop a marketing plan (Version 12). AIBT Global. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. (2019). Title of learner book or workbook. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example Smith, A. B. (2019). BSBMKG609: Develop a marketing plan (Version 1.5). Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. (2019). Title of learner book or workbook. Publisher. Retrieved from URL ExampleSmith, A. B. (2019). BSBMKG609: Develop a marketing plan (Version 1.5). AIBT Global. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Table 2: Referencing for AIBT resources: PowerPoint slides
In-text citation | Direct quotation: (AIBT Global, 2019, slide 1). Others: (AIBT Global, 2019) |
Reference list | Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of PowerPoint presentation [Description of medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example AIBT Global. (2019). BSBMKG607: Manage market research (Version 2) [PowerPoint slides]. Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of PowerPoint presentation [Description of medium]. Publisher. Retrieved from URL Example AIBT Global. (2019). BSBMKG607: Manage market research (Version 2) [PowerPoint slides]. AIBT Global. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. (Year). Title of PowerPoint presentation [Description of medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example Smith, A. B. (2019). BSBMKG609: Develop a marketing plan (Version 12) [PowerPoint slides]. Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. (Year). Title of PowerPoint presentation [Description of medium]. Publisher. Retrieved from URL ExampleSmith, A. B. (2019). Academic writing for AIBT students (Version 1) [PowerPoint slides]. AIBT Global. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Table 3: Referencing for AIBT resources: Class handouts
In-text citation | Direct quotation: (AIBT Global, 2019, p. 1). Others: (AIBT Global, 2019) |
Reference list
| Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of handout [Description of medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher. ExampleAIBT Global. (2019). The benefits of digital marketing [Class handout]. Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format AIBT Global. (Year). Title of handout [Description of medium]. Retrieved from URL Example Smith, A. B. (2019). The benefits of digital marketing [Class handout]. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. Title of handout [Description of medium]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example Smith, A. B. (2019). The benefits of digital marketing [Class handout]. Mt. Gravatt, QLD: AIBT Global. |
Reference list | Format Author’s family name, Initial. Title of handout [Description of medium]. Retrieved from URL Example Smith, A. B. (2019). The benefits of digital marketing [Class handout]. Retrieved from https://moodle.aibt.qld.edu.au/my/ |
Table 4: Referencing for AIBT resources: Personal communication
In-text citation | Format (Person’s initial(s). Family name, Description of the medium, Month Day, Year) Example Professor A. B. Smith (personal communication, October 24, 2019) highlighted that There are three major challenges for the Tasmanian Abalone industry (A. B. Smith, personal communication, October 24, 2019). |
Reference list | Personal communications are not required to include in a reference list. |
The general rules of an in-text citation are also applied for printed books. See Introduction to referencing section for the rules.
When direct quotation, word-for-word materials, is used directly from someone else’s work, the author’s last name, the publication year and the page number must appear in the in-text citation. The double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
When you paraphrase or summarise someone else’s ideas or piece of work in your words, the author’s last name and the publication year must appear in the in-text citation.
The general rules of an in-text citation are also applied for ebooks. See Introduction to referencing section for the rules.
When you paraphrase or summarise someone else’s ideas or piece of work in your words, the author’s last name and the publication year must appear in the in-text citation.
Provide the DOI when it is available.
Provide the home page URL of the book publisher, when DOI is not available.
Pecorari, D. (2010). Academic writing and plagiarism: A linguistic analysis. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
The general rules of an in-text citation are also applied for this section (See Introduction to referencing).
After the author’s name, year, and the title, begin with the editors’ initials of the first and middle name followed by the surnames, surname, title of the book, the page, city, state: publisher.
The general rules of an in-text citation are also applied for this section (See Introduction to referencing).
After the author’s name, year, and the title, begin with the editors’ initials of the first and middle name followed by the surnames, surname, title of the book, the page, and DOI.
After the author’s name, year, and the title, begin with the editors’ initials of the first and middle name followed by the surnames, surname, title of the book, the page, and URL.
If the ebook is from e-reader (e.g. EBL) or platform (e.g. Kindle), place the type within square brackets after the title (or page) and before URL.
There are unique rules for referencing dictionary and encyclopaedia.
The Internet provides information from different types of sources: webpage on a website, document, blog, social media, downloadable media, and streaming media. While AIBT recommends students to utilise the information from various sources, the students should carefully select the information which is suitable for their study purposes (e.g., the specific assignment). AIBT students can use the following criteria to evaluate the information when using internet sources.
The information from internet sources should be referenced accurately. Using the information from the internet is very useful; however, it is often difficult to determine the essential information (e.g., authorship) to reference. Since inaccurate referencing is still be considered as plagiarism, it is important to learn how to reference internet materials correctly. Section 4.2 to 4.6 provide the formats and examples to reference the different types of internet sources using the APA referencing system.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 4.2 “Webpage on a website” are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
Note: when a page number is not available use para. and the paragraph number.
Note: when someone else’s idea or piece of work is paraphrased or summarised in our words, the author’s last name and the publication year must be acknowledged in the in-text citation. The author of the webpage can be person or corporation, and “&” is used for the multiple authors.
Note: use the organisation name as the author, when the personal author is not available. In the above examples, “APA Style” and “Study in Australia” are the corporate authors of the webpages and “American Psychological Association” and “Australian Trade and Investment Commission” are the publishers of the websites. Insert full dates when it is available. The title of the webpage should not be italicized, when referencing a normal webpage on a website. Include a date of access when the content of the page is like to be edited.
Note: In the above examples, “Australian Research Council” and “Mater Foundation” are the corporate authors of the webpages and the publishers of the websites. Therefore, the publisher names were omitted to avoid repetition.
https://foundr.com/marketing-strategy
Note: in the above example, Chan is the author of the webpage and Foundr Magazine is the publisher of the website. When the content of the webpage is like to be edited, not updated for a while or not archived, include a retrieval date. When the website directs to another webpage, create a reference page with a new webpage where the material is retrieved.
Note: when website news is not updated daily or weekly, use the “webpage on a website” format instead of a newspaper format.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 4.3 “Blog Post” are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
Note: when a page number is not available use para. and the paragraph number.
Example: Paraphrasing or summarising
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 4.4 “Social media” (e. g., Facebook; Twitter; Instagram) are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
Note: when a page number is not available use para. and the paragraph number.
Example: Paraphrasing or summarising
Note: use the name of the individual or group as the author. Use the first 20 words of the social media post as the title. Include URL or another link, a hashtag, or an emoji in the reference list, if they fall within the first 20 words. When the images, videos, thumbnail links outside or other social media, indicate that in square brackets. Omit “retrieved from” before URL.
The above example is adapted from reference examples, by APA Style, 2019, retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples#tweet. Copyright 2019 by the American Psychological Association.
Note: use the name of the individual or group as the author. Provide the Twitter handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets after the author. Use the first 20 words of the tweet post as the title. Include URL or another link, a hashtag, or an emoji in the reference list, if they fall within the first 20 words. If an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image is included, indicate in square brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with a link attached]. Omit “retrieved from” before URL.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 4.5 “Downloadable media” (e.g., podcasts; iTunes) are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
Example: Direct quotation
Note: when a page number is not available use para. and the paragraph number.
Note: the role can be a reporter, speaker, writer, or producer of the article.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 4.6 “Streaming media” (e. g., YouTube; Netflix; Spotify; video game live streaming site) are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
Note: when a page number is not available use para. and the paragraph number.
Treat the account which uploaded the video as the author. However, the same video is often used by a different account. Ensure the author is the creator of the video by checking the author’s YouTube channel or official website.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 5.1: “Journal articles” are the same as those in Section 1.3: In-text citations.
Note: The double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
Note: when someone else’s idea or piece of work is paraphrased or summarised in our words, the author’s last name and the publication year must be acknowledged in the in-text citation. The author of the webpage can be a person or corporation.
Note: use DOI when it is available and use URL of the journal’s homepage when DOI is not available. Italicise title of Journal and volume number. “&” is used for the multiple authors.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 5.2: “Magazine articles” are the same as those in Section 1.3: In-text citations.
Note: the double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote. When a page number is not available from the online magazine, use para. and the paragraph number.
Note: the author of the article can be a person or corporation.
Note: when the magazine article without DOI is from an academic research database, end with the page number. Database information should not be included in the reference list.
Note: include DOI in reference list when DOI is available.
Note: include URL at the end of the reference, if DOI is not available. When the online magazine does not have a volume, issue, and/or page numbers, omit the missing items.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 5.3: “Newspaper articles” are the same as those in Section 1.3: In-text citations.
Note: when a page number is not available (e.g., online news), use para. and the paragraph number. The double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
Note: the author of the articles can be a person or corporation.
Note: add URL at the end of the reference, when URL is available. When online newspaper does not have a volume, issue, and/or page numbers, omit the missing items. When the article is from an online news website (e.g., news.com.au) which does not issue daily or weekly as an ordinary newspaper, use “Webpage on a website” format. Use the homepage address for the online newspaper (not the full URL of the article). Use p. for a single page and use pp. for multiple pages (e.g., pp. 30-35).
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 5.3: “Conference paper” are the same as those in Section 1.3: In-text citations.
Note: The double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
Note: when someone else’s idea or piece of work is paraphrased or summarised in our words, the author’s last name and the publication year must be acknowledged in the in-text citation. The author of the webpage can be a person or corporation.
Note: when proceedings of conferences are published in a book, use book or book chapter format. When proceedings are published regularly, use a journal article format.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 6.2: “Non-government organisations” are the same as those in Section 1.3: In-text citations.
Note: the double-quotation marks should be used to set off a direct quote.
Note: when someone else’s idea or piece of work is paraphrased or summarised in our words, the author’s last name and the publication year must be acknowledged in the in-text citation.
Note: italicize the title of the document when the document is standalone, not a part of the webpage.
Note: a full name of the organisation should be given the first time use within the document.
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited. (2018). 2018 Annual report. Retrieved from https://www.anz.com/content/dam/anzcom/shareholder/anz_2018_annual_report_final.pdf
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This section provides instructions on how to reference tables. If you are reprinting a table from someone else’s work, altering someone else’s table, or creating a table using the information from someone else’s work, you must reference them. There are two sections you need to reference tables: above and underneath the table, and a full bibliographic entry in a reference list.
While a citation above and underneath the table is used instead of in-text citation for tables, academic works commonly mention the table in the text. Therefore, AIBTGlobal recommends its students to mention a table in a text. A table should be numbered in the order in which appear in the document and referred by the number (e.g., Table 1 shows the four types of …). The best place to mention a table is just before the table appears. The followings are two examples of mentioning a table.
Place the table number, and provide the title (a descriptive phrase) in the next line. A table note (also called “caption”) should be placed underneath the table to acknowledge that the information is from another source. You use the term “Reprinted from” when using someone else’s original table, “Adapted from” when altering the table, and “data for…for…from…” when creating a table from multiple data sources.
Table 1.
Four types of service features
Features | Marketing problems | Strategies to solve problems |
Intangibility | · Service cannot be stored · Prices are difficult to set | · Stress tangible cues · Create a strong organisational image |
Inseparability | · Consumer involved in the production | · Emphasise the selection and training of public contact personnel |
Heterogeneity | · Standardisation and quality control difficult to achieve | · Industrialise service · Customise service |
Perishability | · Services cannot be inventoried | · Use strategies to cope with fluctuating demand |
Note. Adapted from “Problems and strategies in services marketing,” by V. A., Zeithaml, A. Parasuraman, & L. L. Berry, 1985, Journal of Marketing (pre-1986), 49, p. 35.
Table 2
Employment per major sector in Anglosaxon countries
Country · Sector | UK (2011) | US (2012) | Australia (2012) | Canada (2012) |
· Primary | 1.3% | 1.5% | 3.0% | 2.0% |
· Production | 16.5% | 12.0% | 11.0% | 20.0% |
· Services | 83.0% | 81.0% | 86.0% | 78.0% |
Note. Data for the number of employment per sector for the UK from UK Department for Business Innovation & Skills (2012), for United States from U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics (2013), for Australia from Australian Department of Education Employment and Workplace Relations (2013), and for Canada from Statistics Canada (2015).
Format of citation: Informal format for students’ assignments· Figure #. The title of an image (AIBTGlobal, Year).Example of citation Figure 1. AIBTGlobal logo (AIBTGlobal, 2020).Reference listAIBTGlobal. (2020). AIBTGlobal logo [Image]. Retrieved from https://aibtglobal.edu.au/ |
Format of citation: Informal format for students’ assignments· Figure #. Title of the image (or description, if no title), by the full name of the image’s creator, date of retrieval, retrieved from URLExample of citation: Informal (under the image) Reference list· Nozu, E. (2018). Photograph of Kallangur State School [Image]. Retrieved from https://cdn.australia247.info/assets/uploads/be871abfcd69d993f089c826392e93ff_-queensland-moreton-bay-regional-kallangur-kallangur-state-schoolhtml.jpg |
Format of citation: Formal format (e.g., thesis and publication)· Figure #. Title of the image. Reprinted from the title of work, by Author, date, retrieved from … Date of Copyright by Copyright Holder.Example of citation: formal
Figure 3. Cover of the APA Style manual. Reprinted from Concise guide to APA style, seventh edition, by American Psychological Association, February 24 2020, retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/products/concise-guide Copyright 2009 by the American Psychological Association.
Reference list· American Psychological Association. (2019). Cover of the APA Style manual [Image]. Retrieved from https://apastyle.apa.org/products/concise-guide |
Many organisations such as universities, educational institutions, corporations, and so on have their own guidelines for citing ABS resources; AIBTGlobal sets its own guidelines which are as close as what ABS suggests on their website.
The general rules of an in-text citation in Section 7.4 “Australian Bureau of Statistics” are the same as those in Section 1.3 “In-text citations”.
General ABS Website
Time series spreadsheets
Note: include a catalogue number when it is available after the title. Insert the date from the latest issue. Provide the whole URL from the address window in our browser.
Census material on the website
AIBTGlobal uses APA 6th referencing style and we follow the APA author-date citation system. The system is based on the number of authors. In the case of one or two authors, the author name(s) should appear in every citation. When the source has three or more authors, only the name of the first author should be included and add “et al.” in every citation (even the first citation). Follow the following examples for citing references in the text.
Number of authors and date | Example |
1 author | Anderson (2018) suggested that … (Anderson, 2018) |
2 authors | Anderson and Batchelor (2019) suggested that … (Anderson & Batchelor, 2019) |
3 or more authors | Smith et al. (2018) found that … (Smith et al., 2018) Note: provide only the first authors’ last names with “et al.” for others. |
No author | Use the first few words of the title instead of the author Example 1 … (“Introduction to operational management”, 2018) Use double quotation makes “…” for the title of the article, chapter or webpage. Example 2 … (Technology-oriented HRM, 2019) Italicise the title for a journal, book, brochure or report. |
Anonymous author | … (Anonymous, 2017) |
Corporate author | If the organisation is recognised by the abbreviation (e.g., ATO), use full name and abbreviation for the first time. Use square brackets for the first citation and use round brackets thereafter. Example with the first time use … (Australian Taxation Office [ATO], 2019). Example of thereafter … (ATO, 2019). If the abbreviation is not commonly known, provide the full name every time use. |
Different authors with the same surname in the same year | Add the initials of the author’s first and given name/s to their surname to distinguish them. Example: While C. C. Chen (2019) recommended multiple approaches, C. D. Chen (2019) suggested a focused approach. |
Multiple references in one in-text citation | List the citations in alphabetical order and separate with semicolons … (Anderson, & Batchelor, 2018; den Hartog, & Eberhardt, 2017) |
The same first author with a different group of authors | When a multiple authors’ citation is abbreviated with et al., and when the group of authors are different, add enough surname to make it distinguished. Example: … (Anderson, Batchelor, et al., 2018; Anderson, Chen, et al., 2018). |
Multiple works by the same author/s in the same year | Use the author’s name for all entries. If the works are published in the same year, list alphabetically by title, and use a suffix of a, b, c, d etc. after the year … (Anderson 2011a, 2011b) |
Multiple works by the same author/s in the different year | … (Anderson 2018, 2019) List the earliest year first. |
Citation with a secondary source | While APA 6th prefers the original source, the secondary citations can be used where the original is unavailable. … (Fujimoto, 1990, as cited in Gonzalez, 2000). Fujimoto (1990, as cited in Gonzalez, 2000) … Gonzalez (2000) cited Fujimoto (1990) as finding … |
The APA 6th referencing style suggests listing all name of the authors in a reference list when the work has up to seven authors. For the eight and more authors, list the first six authors, add a three-dot ellipsis, and then the last author’s name. Follow the following examples for citing the references in the reference list.
The number of author/s | How to sort out the author-name |
1 author | Anderson, A. A. |
2 authors | Anderson, A. A., & Batchelor, B. B. |
3 authors | Anderson, A. A., Batchelor, B. B., & Chen, C. C., |
4 authors | Anderson, A. A., Batchelor, B. B., Chen, C. C., & den Hartog, D. D. |
5 authors | Anderson, A. A., Batchelor, B. B., Chen, C. C., den Hartog, D. D., & Eberhardt, E. E., |
6 authors | Anderson, A. A., Batchelor, B. B., Chen, C. C., den Hartog, D. D., Eberhardt, E. E., & Fujimoto, F. F. |
7 and more authors | Anderson, A. A., Batchelor, B. B., Chen, C. C., den Hartog, D. D., Eberhardt, E. E., Fujimoto, F. F., …Gonzalez, G. G. List the first six, put an ellipsis, and then list the last author. |
When two or more works are created by the same author in the same year | Use the author’s name for all entries. List the earliest year first. If the works are published in the same year, list alphabetically by title, and use a suffix of a, b, c, d etc. after the year Anderson (2011a). Title … Anderson (2019b). Title … |
When we use someone else’s idea and work in the bulleted and numbered lists, they should be cited and referenced. This section instructs how to cite sources which are used in the bulleted and numbered lists. There are several ways to cite sources in bulleted and numbered lists, and the specific rule should be applied for each case.
Feldman (2000) suggests four reasons that actors often changed their routines: · the outcome of actions created a new problem; · the outcome of actions created new action opportunities; · intended outcomes are achieved, but actors see improvements; and · the outcomes of actions did not create expected results. |
Note: as shown in Example 1, paraphrased Feldman’s ideas are bulleted and referenced. Since the lists are paraphrased ideas, the page number is omitted.
In her routines study, Deken highlights the three types of routine work. These routines, she suggests: · flexing work means actors adapting existing interdependent actions in a routine that all participants are familiar with; · stretching work means actors adapting actions to stretch the application of an existing routine with other participants [within an organisation] who are unfamiliar with the routine; and · inventing work refers to actors building a new emerging action pattern without drawing on a particular existing routine (Deken, 2016, p. 653). |
Note: we use block quote format for all lists taken directly from a source, and we don’t need to use quotation marks for each bullet point. When we change or add words, insert the words in square brackets. Insert in-text citation after the last list item.
Feldman (2000) suggests four reasons that actors often changed their routines: · the outcome of actions created a new problem; · the outcome of actions created new action opportunities; · intended outcomes are achieved, but actors see improvements; and · actions did not create intended outcomes (p.11). |
Note: When all items are direct quotes and an in-text citation is used (e.g., 2000) before the bullet lists, we include page number at the end of the list.
Feldman (2000) suggests four reasons that actors often changed their routines: · the outcome of actions created a new problem. · the outcome of actions created new action opportunities. · “intended outcomes are achieved, but actors see improvements” (Feldman 2016, 25). · actions did not create desired/intended outcomes. |
Note: when only one item is directly quoted among others, we use double quotation marks to set off the list and in-text-citation should be used for the item.
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